Prelude to the attacks
Charlie HebdoThe website of the satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015, after 12 people were killed in a terrorist attack on the publication’s editorial offices. The slogan “Je suis Charlie” (“I am Charlie”) was adopted by those wishing to express solidarity with the slain journalists.(more)
France was shaken on January 7, 2015, by a deadly assault on the offices of satiric magazine Charlie Hebdo. A pair of Islamist militants armed with assault rifles burst into the magazine’s Paris offices and murdered 11 people, including editor Stéphane (“Charb”) Charbonnier. Over the following 48 hours, six more people were killed in attacks in and around Paris. The actions of Chérif and Saïd Kouachi, the French Algerian brothers who had attacked Charlie Hebdo and killed a police officer as they made their escape, were claimed by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Amedy Coulibaly—who had coordinated his actions with the Kouachi brothers but had pledged his allegiance to the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS)—killed a police officer before murdering four hostages in a kosher grocery store in Paris. All three attackers were killed in gun battles with police.
Charlie HebdoA French police officer standing outside the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris on April 10, 2015, three months after a terrorist attack on the magazine’s staff.(more)
The attacks led to a dramatic increase in domestic security spending, with French Pres. François Hollande pledging more than $850 million to fund counterterrorism efforts. There was also a spike in the number of reported Islamophobic incidents following the attacks, a worrying development given that France was home to western Europe’s largest Muslim community. The increased security measures did not prevent an attempted attack on a high-speed passenger train in northern France on August 21. Ayoub El-Khazzani, a militant with ties to ISIL, smuggled an AK-47, a semiautomatic pistol, and hundreds of rounds of ammunition onto the crowded Paris-bound train. A potential massacre was averted when El-Khazzani was subdued by passengers, among them a pair of off-duty U.S. military personnel who were traveling on holiday. In September French warplanes began striking ISIL targets inside Syria; France already had been targeting ISIL positions inside Iraq since September 2014.
The November 13 attacks
November 2015 Paris attacksInvestigators examining the bodies of victims of a terrorist attack on a Paris restaurant, November 13, 2015.(more)
The November 13 attacks on Paris and environs began at 9:20 pm, when a suicide bomber was foiled in his attempt to enter the Stade de France in the northern suburb of Saint-Denis. Inside the stadium, Hollande was among the 80,000 people watching an association football (soccer) match between the French and German national teams. When security officers at one of the stadium’s main entrances detected the attacker’s bomb belt, he detonated it, killing one passerby. The belt was an improvised device consisting of the highly unstable explosive compound triacetone triperoxide and shrapnel such as nails and ball bearings; identical devices would be employed by other attackers throughout the evening. Although the blast was audible to those inside the stadium, play on the field continued.
At 9:25 pm a team of gunmen launched a series of attacks on popular nightspots in Paris’s 10th and 11th arrondissements (municipal districts). The first location to be targeted was Le Carillon, a popular bar on the rue Alibert that had been a neighborhood fixture for some 40 years. After firing on patrons at Le Carillon with AK-47 assault rifles, the gunmen moved across rue Bichat to Le Petit Cambodge, a Cambodian restaurant. Although this attack took just minutes, it left 15 people dead and more than a dozen wounded. The gunmen were then observed leaving the scene in a black SEAT Leon hatchback.
Minutes later, at 9:30 pm, a second suicide bomber attacked the Stade de France, detonating his belt at another entrance but causing no casualties. Inside the game continued, but Hollande was evacuated from the stadium because it had by then become apparent that a terrorist attack was under way. The occupants of the black Leon crossed into the 11th arrondissement and opened fire on businesses along the rue de la Fontaine au Roi at 9:32 pm. Five people were killed and eight were wounded at the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra, the Café Bonne Bière, and a laundromat. The gunmen then continued their deadly course, targeting La Belle Équipe, a popular eatery on the rue de Charonne at 9:36 pm. The restaurant’s terrace was packed with diners, and the gunmen fired into the crowd, killing 19 people as well as critically wounding 9 others. At the southeast end of the Boulevard Voltaire, just blocks southeast of La Belle Équipe, a suicide bomber detonated his belt outside the café Comptoir Voltaire at 9:40 pm, injuring one person.
At the same time and at the other end of the Boulevard Voltaire, the deadliest attack of the evening was being carried out at the Bataclan, a historic theatre and concert hall. The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to a sold-out crowd at the 1,500-capacity venue when three attackers burst in and fired on the audience. Some of the concertgoers were able to escape through a side entrance, and dozens took refuge on the building’s roof, while others hid or feigned death in an effort to avoid the attention of the gunmen. Witnesses said that the attackers shouted “Allāhu akbar” (“God is greatest”) and indictments of Hollande for France’s military intervention in Syria as the massacre continued. The gunmen occupied the Bataclan for more than two hours, holding hostages and killing indiscriminately, before French security forces stormed the building at 12:20 am. Two of the attackers detonated their suicide belts, and the third attacker’s belt exploded spontaneously when it was hit with police bullets. Scores were seriously wounded in the attack, and at least 89 people were killed.
As the siege at the Bataclan was developing, the 80,000 fans at the Stade de France were becoming increasingly aware of the horrors unfolding outside the stadium. Sirens and police helicopters were audible in the distance, and at 9:53 pm a third suicide bomber detonated his belt near a McDonald’s restaurant a short distance from the stadium. Match organizers and stadium security officials had decided to allow the game to continue to discourage mass panic, and fans were prevented from leaving until it was clear that it was safe to do so. The match ended in a 2–0 victory for France shortly before 11:00 pm, and many fans, with nowhere else to go, poured onto the field. The mood was somber, and the crowd remained orderly as stadium officials assessed the situation outside. It was after 11:30 pm when fans finally began to head to the exits. In the corridors beneath the stadium, members of the crowd broke into a defiant rendition of “La Marseillaise,” the French national anthem. In the days after the attacks, the French sports minister would praise the actions of the Stade de France staff for heading off what could have been a far greater tragedy.